WAC 246-221-290   Appendix A -- Annual limits on intake (ALI) and derived air concentrations (DAC) of radionuclides for occupational exposure; effluent concentrations; concentrations for release to sanitary sewerage.  For each radionuclide, Table I indicates the chemical form which is to be used for selecting the appropriate ALI or DAC value. The ALIs and DACs for inhalation are given for an aerosol with an activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of 1 µm (micron) and for three classes (D,W,Y) of radioactive material, which refer to their retention (approximately days, weeks or years) in the pulmonary region of the lung. This classification applies to a range of clearance half-times for D if less than ten days, for W from ten to one hundred days, and for Y greater than one hundred days. Table II provides concentration limits for airborne and liquid effluents released to the general environment. Table III provides concentration limits for discharges to sanitary sewerage.


Note: The values in Tables I, II, and III are presented in the computer "E" notation. In this notation a value of 6E-02 represents a value of 6 x 10-2 or 0.06, 6E+2 represents 6 x 1O2 or 600, and 6E+0 represents 6 x 100 or 6.

     Table I "Occupational Values"


     Note that the columns in Table I of this appendix captioned "Oral Ingestion ALI," "Inhalation ALI," and "DAC," are applicable to occupational exposure to radioactive material.


     The ALIs in this appendix are the annual intakes of given radionuclide by "Reference Man" which would result in either: A committed effective dose equivalent of 0.05 Sv (5 rem), stochastic ALI; or a committed dose equivalent of 0.5 Sv (50 rem) to an organ or tissue, nonstochastic ALI. The stochastic ALIs were derived to result in a risk, due to irradiation of organs and tissues, comparable to the risk associated with deep dose equivalent to the whole body of 0.05 Sv (5 rem). The derivation includes multiplying the committed dose equivalent to an organ or tissue by a weighting factor, wT. This weighting factor is the proportion of the risk of stochastic effects resulting from irradiation of the organ or tissue, T, to the total risk of stochastic effects when the whole body is irradiated uniformly. The values of wT are listed under the definition of weighting factor in WAC 246-221-005. The nonstochastic ALIs were derived to avoid nonstochastic effects, such as prompt damage to tissue or reduction in organ function.


     A value of wT = 0.06 is applicable to each of the five organs or tissues in the "remainder" category receiving the highest dose equivalents, and the dose equivalents of all other remaining tissues may be disregarded. The following portions of the GI tract -- stomach, small intestine, upper large intestine, and lower large intestine -- are to be treated as four separate organs.


     Note that the dose equivalents for an extremity, elbows, arms below the elbows, feet and lower legs, knees, and legs below the knees, skin, and lens of the eye are not considered in computing the committed effective dose equivalent, but are subject to limits that must be met separately.


     When an ALI is defined by the stochastic dose limit, this value alone is given. When an ALI is determined by the non-stochastic dose limit to an organ, the organ or tissue to which the limit applies is shown, and the ALI for the stochastic limit is shown in parentheses. Abbreviated organ or tissue designations are used:


LLI wall = lower large intestine wall;
St. wall = stomach wall;
Blad wall = bladder wall; and
Bone surf = bone surface.

     The use of the ALIs listed first, the more limiting of the stochastic and nonstochastic ALIs, will ensure that nonstochastic effects are avoided and that the risk of stochastic effects is limited to an acceptably low value. If, in a particular situation involving a radionuclide for which the nonstochastic ALI is limiting, use of that nonstochastic ALI is considered unduly conservative, the licensee may use the stochastic ALI to determine the committed effective dose equivalent. However, the licensee shall also ensure that the 0.5 Sv (50 rem) dose equivalent limit for any organ or tissue is not exceeded by the sum of the external deep dose equivalent plus the internal committed dose equivalent to that organ, not the effective dose. For the case where there is no external dose contribution, this would be demonstrated if the sum of the fractions of the nonstochastic ALIs (ALIns) that contribute to the committed dose equivalent to the organ receiving the highest dose does not exceed unity, that is, ∑ (intake (in µCi) of each radionuclide/ALIns) ≤ 1.0. If there is an external deep dose equivalent contribution of Hd, then this sum must be less than 1 - (Hd/50), instead of ≤ 1.0.


     The derived air concentration (DAC) values are derived limits intended to control chronic occupational exposures. The relationship between the DAC and the ALI is given by:




DAC = ALI (in µCi)/(2000 hours per working year x 60 minutes/hour x 2 x 104 ml per minute) = [ALI/2.4 x 109] µCi/ml,
where 2 x 104 ml per minute is the volume of air breathed per minute at work by Reference Man under working conditions of light work.



     The DAC values relate to one of two modes of exposure: Either external submersion or the internal committed dose equivalents resulting from inhalation of radioactive materials. DACs based upon submersion are for immersion in a semi-infinite cloud of uniform concentration and apply to each radionuclide separately.


     The ALI and DAC values include contributions to exposure by the single radionuclide named and any in-growth of daughter radionuclides produced in the body by decay of the parent. However, intakes that include both the parent and daughter radionuclides should be treated by the general method appropriate for mixtures.


     The values of ALI and DAC do not apply directly when the individual both ingests and inhales a radionuclide, when the individual is exposed to a mixture of radionuclides by either inhalation or ingestion or both, or when the individual is exposed to both internal and external irradiation. See WAC 246-221-015. When an individual is exposed to radioactive materials which fall under several of the translocation classifications of the same radionuclide, such as, Class D, Class W, or Class Y, the exposure may be evaluated as if it were a mixture of different radionuclides.


     It should be noted that the classification of a compound as Class D, W, or Y is based on the chemical form of the compound and does not take into account the radiological half-life of different radionuclides. For this reason, values are given for Class D, W, and Y compounds, even for very short-lived radionuclides.


     Table II "Effluent Concentrations"


     The columns in Table II of this appendix captioned "Effluents," "Air" and "Water" are applicable to the assessment and control of dose to the public, particularly in the implementation of the provisions of WAC 246-221-070. The concentration values given in Columns 1 and 2 of Table II are equivalent to the radionuclide concentrations which, if inhaled or ingested continuously over the course of a year, would produce a total effective dose equivalent of 0.50 mSv (0.05 rem).


     Consideration of nonstochastic limits has not been included in deriving the air and water effluent concentration limits because nonstochastic effects are presumed not to occur at or below the dose levels established for individual members of the public. For radionuclides, where the nonstochastic limit was governing in deriving the occupational DAC, the stochastic ALI was used in deriving the corresponding airborne effluent limit in Table II. For this reason, the DAC and airborne effluent limits are not always proportional as was the case in the previous Appendix A of this chapter.


     The air concentration values listed in Table II, Column 1 were derived by one of two methods. For those radionuclides for which the stochastic limit is governing, the occupational stochastic inhalation ALI was divided by 2.4 x 109, relating the inhalation ALI to the DAC, as explained above, and then divided by a factor of three hundred. The factor of three hundred includes the following components: A factor of fifty to relate the 0.05 Sv (5 rem) annual occupational dose limit to the 1 mSv (0.1 rem) limit for members of the public, a factor of three to adjust for the difference in exposure time and the inhalation rate for a worker and that for members of the public; and a factor of two to adjust the occupational values, derived for adults, so that they are applicable to other age groups.


     For those radionuclides for which submersion, that is external dose, is limiting, the occupational DAC in Table I, Column 3 was divided by two hundred nineteen. The factor of two hundred nineteen is composed of a factor of fifty, as described above, and a factor of 4.38 relating occupational exposure for two thousand hours per year to full-time exposure (eight thousand seven hundred sixty hours per year). Note that an additional factor of two for age considerations is not warranted in the submersion case.


     The water concentrations were derived by taking the most restrictive occupational stochastic oral ingestion ALI and dividing by 7.3 x 107. The factor of 7.3 x 107 (ml) includes the following components: The factors of fifty and two described above and a factor of 7.3 x 105 (ml) which is the annual water intake of Reference Man.


     Note 2 of this appendix provides groupings of radionuclides which are applicable to unknown mixtures of radionuclides. These groupings, including occupational inhalation ALIs and DACs, air and water effluent concentrations and releases to sewer, require demonstrating that the most limiting radionuclides in successive classes are absent. The limit for the unknown mixture is defined when the presence of one of the listed radionuclides cannot be definitely excluded as being present either from knowledge of the radionuclide composition of the source or from actual measurements.


     Table III "Releases to Sewers"


     The monthly average concentrations for release to sanitary sewerage are applicable to the provisions in WAC 246-221-190. The concentration values were derived by taking the most restrictive occupational stochastic oral ingestion ALI and dividing by 7.3 x 1O6 (ml). The factor of 7.3 x 1O6 (ml) is composed of a factor of 7.3 x 1O5 (ml), the annual water intake by Reference Man, and a factor of ten, such that the concentrations, if the sewage released by the licensee were the only source of water ingested by a Reference Man during a year, would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 mSv (0.5 rem).

    LIST OF ELEMENTS
    
Name Symbol Atomic

Number		 Name Symbol Atomic

Number
           
Actinium Ac 89 Mercury Hg 80
Aluminum Al 13 Molybdenum Mo 42
Americium Am 95 Neodymium Nd 60
Antimony Sb 51 Neptunium Np 93
Argon Ar 18 Nickel Ni 28
Arsenic As 33 Niobium Nb 41
Astatine At 85 Osmium Os 76
Barium Ba 56 Palladium Pd 46
Berkelium Bk 97 Phosphorus P 15
Beryllium Be 4 Platinum Pt 78
Bismuth Bi 83 Plutonium Pu 94
Bromine Br 35 Polonium Po 84
Cadmium Cd 48 Potassium K 19
Calcium Ca 20 Praseodymium Pr 59
Californium Cf 98 Promethium Pm 61
Carbon C 6 Protactinium Pa 91
Cerium Ce 58 Radium Ra 88
Cesium Cs 55 Radon Rn 86
Chlorine Cl 17 Rhenium Re 75
Chromium Cr 24 Rhodium Rh 45
Cobalt Co 27 Rubidium Rb 37
Copper Cu 29 Ruthenium Ru 44
Curium Cm 96 Samarium Sm 62
Dysprosium Dy 66 Scandium Sc 21
Einsteinium Es 99 Selenium Se 34
Erbium Er 68 Silicon Si 14
Europium Eu 63 Silver Ag 47
Fermium Fm 100 Sodium Na 11
Fluorine F 9 Strontium Sr 38
Francium Fr 87 Sulfur S 16
Gadolinium Gd 64 Tantalum Ta 73
Gallium Ga 31 Technetium Tc 43
Germanium Ge 32 Tellurium Te 52
Gold Au 79 Terbium Tb 65
Hafnium Hf 72 Thallium Tl 81
Holmium Ho 67 Thorium Th 90
Hydrogen H 1 Thulium Tm 69
Indium In 49 Tin Sn 50
Iodine I 53 Titanium Ti 22
Iridium Ir 77 Tungsten W 74
Iron Fe 26 Uranium U 92
Krypton Kr 36 Vanadium V 23
Lanthanum La 57 Xenon Xe 54
Lead Pb 82 Ytterbium Yb 70
Lutetium Lu 71 Yttrium Y 39
Magnesium Mg 12 Zinc Zn 30
Manganese Mn 25 Zirconium Zr 40
Mendelevium Md 101      


   
Table 1

Occupational Values
Table II

Effluent

Concentration
Table III

Releases to

Sewers
   
Col. 1

Oral

Ingestion
Col. 2           Col. 3



    

     Inhalation
Col. 1
Col. 2
Monthly

Average

Concen-

tration
Atomic No. Radionuclide Class ALI

µCi		 ALI

µCi		 DAC

µCi/ml		 Air

µCi/ml		 Water

µCi/ml

µCi/ml
     
1 Hydrogen-3 Water, DAC includes

skin absorption

8E+4

8E+4

2E-5

1E-7

1E-3

1E-2
     
  Gas (HT or T2) Submersion1: Use above values as HT and T2 oxidize in air and in the body to HTO.  
     
4 Beryllium-7 W, all compounds except

those given for Y		 4E+4 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 6E-4 6E-3
    Y, oxides, halides, and nitrates - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -
     
4 Beryllium-10 W, see 7Be 1E+3 2E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -
    LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4
    Y, see 7Be - 1E+1 6E-9 2E-11 - -
     
6 Carbon-112 Monoxide - 1E+6 5E-4 2E-6 - -
    Dioxide - 6E+5 3E-4 9E-7 - -
    Compounds 4E+5 4E+5 2E-4 6E-7 6E-3 6E-2
     
6 Carbon-14 Monoxide - 2E+6 7E-4 2E-6 - -
    Dioxide - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -
    Compounds 2E+3 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 3E-5 3E-4
     
9 Fluorine-182 D, fluorides of H, Li,

Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr		 5E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -
    St wall

(5E+4)		 - - - 7E-4 7E-3
    W, fluorides of Be, Mg,

Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Al, Ga,

In, Tl, As, Sb, Bi, Fe,

Ru, Os, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt,

Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg,

Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Nb,

Ta, Mn, Tc, and Re

Y, lanthanum fluoride		 -

-		 9E+4

8E+4		 4E-5

3E-5		 1E-7

1E-7		 -

-



-

-
     
11 Sodium-22 D, all compounds 4E+2 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 6E-6 6E-5
     
11 Sodium-24 D, all compounds 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 5E-5 5E-4
     
12 Magnesium-28 D, all compounds except

those given for W		 7E+2 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 9E-6 9E-5
    W, oxides, hydroxides,

carbides, halides, and nitrates		 - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -
     
13 Aluminum-26 D, all compounds except

those given for W		 4E+2 6E+1 3E-8 9E-11 6E-6 6E-5
    W, oxides, hydroxides,

carbides, halides, and nitrates		 - 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 - -
14 Silicon-31 D, all compounds except

those given for W and Y		 9E+3 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3
    W, oxides, hydroxides,

carbides, and nitrates

Y, aluminosilicate glass		 -

-		 3E+4

3E+4		 1E-5

1E-5		 5E-8

4E-8		 -

-		 -

-
     
14 Silicon-32 D, see 31Si 2E+3 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 - -
    LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4
    W, see 31Si - 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 - -
    Y, see 31Si - 5E+0 2E-9 7E-12 - -
     
15 Phosphorus-32 D, all compounds except

phosphates given for W		 6E+2 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 9E-6 9E-5
    W, phosphates of Zn2+,

S3+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Bi3+,

and lanthanides		 - 4E+2 2E-7 5E-10 - -
     
15 Phosphorus-33 D, see 32P 6E+3 8E+3 4E-6 1E-8 8E-5 8E-4
    W, see 32P - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -
     
16 Sulfur-35 Vapor - 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -
    D, sulfides and sulfates

except those given for W		 1E+4 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -
    LLI wall (8E+3) - - - 1E-4 1E-3
    W, elemental sulfur,

sulfides of Sr, Ba, Ge,

Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Cu,

Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, W, and

Mo. Sulfates of Ca, Sr,

Ba, Ra, As, Sb, and Bi		 6E+3









-









2E+3









9E-7









3E-9









-









-
     
17 Chlorine-36 D, chlorides of H, Li,

Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr		 2E+3 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4
    W, chlorides of lantha-

nides, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr,

Ba, Ra, Al, Ga, In, Tl,

Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi,

Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir,

Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au,

Zn, Cd, Hg, Sc, Y, Ti,

Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr,

Mo, W, Mn, Tc, and Re		 - 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 - -
     
17 Chlorine-382 D, see 36Cl 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -
    St wall

(3E+4)		 - - - 3E-4 3E-3
    W, see 36Cl - 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -
     
17 Chlorine-392 D, see 36Cl 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -
    St wall

(4E+4)		 - - - 5E-4 5E-3
    W, see 36Cl - 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -
     
18 Argon-37 Submersion1 - - 1E+0 6E-3 - -
     
18 Argon-39 Submersion1 - - 2E-4 8E-7 - -
     
18 Argon-41 Submersion1 - - 3E-6 1E-8 - -
     
19 Potassium-40 D, all compounds 3E+2 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 4E-6 4E-5
     
19 Potassium-42 D, all compounds 5E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 6E-5 6E-4
     
19 Potassium-43 D, all compounds 6E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 9E-5 9E-4
     
19 Potassium-442 D, all compounds 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -
    St wall

(4E+4)		 - - - 5E-4 5E-3
     
19 Potassium-452 D, all compounds 3E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -
    St wall

(5E+4)		 - - - 7E-4 7E-3
     
20 Calcium-41 W, all compounds 3E+3 4E+3 2E-6 - - -
    Bone surf (4E+3) Bone surf (4E+3) - 5E-9 6E-5 6E-4
     
20 Calcium-45 W, all compounds 2E+3 8E+2 4E-7 1E-9 2E-5 2E-4
     
20 Calcium-47 W, all compounds 8E+2 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 1E-5 1E-4
     
21 Scandium-43 Y, all compounds 7E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3
     
21 Scandium-44m Y, all compounds 5E+2 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 7E-6 7E-5
     
21 Scandium-44 Y, all compounds 4E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 5E-5 5E-4
     
21 Scandium-46 Y, all compounds 9E+2 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 1E-5 1E-4
     
21 Scandium-47 Y, all compounds 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -
    LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4