PERMANENT RULES
Date of Adoption: November 17, 2000.
Purpose: To make changes to the Washington State Energy Code, chapter 51-11 WAC.
Citation of Existing Rules Affected by this Order: Chapter 51-11 WAC. Repealing sections 1201, 1210, 1701, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009; and amending sections 101, 201, 502, 503, 504, 505, 530, 601, 604, 605, 625, 626, 627, 628, 630, 701, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1132, 1313, 1322, 1323, 1331, 1334, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1423, 1433, 1435, 1438, 1439, 1443, 1512, 1513, 1521, 1530, 1531, 1532, 99902, 99903, and 99904.
Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045.
Adopted under notice filed as WSR 00-18-017 on August 28, 2000.
Changes Other than Editing from Proposed to Adopted Version: The proposed amendments to the following sections were not adopted: (502.1.5.1, exception 3), 504.5.2, (Tables 5-1, 6-2, 6-4, and 6-6), 602.5, 1312.1, 1412.4.1, (1412.8 and RS-29 Section 3.6.5), (1433 and 1401), (Tables 14-1, 14-2, and 14-3). In addition, the proposal to amend Section 502.1.1 and Table 10-5A (Section 1005) was altered to include the entire table (the roof values were lost in the proposed rule). Also, Table 10-6C (Section 1006) was altered to include a column of values for "Double Glazing with 1/4" Airspace." Also, Section 1411.1 was altered to add the words "nationally recognized" for clarification. Also, Section 1435, exception 1i was altered deleting the second and third sentence for simplicity. Finally, Section 1438 neither option was adopted, instead there was one word changed from "frequency" to "speed."
Number of Sections Adopted in Order to Comply with Federal Statute: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; Federal Rules or Standards: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; or Recently Enacted State Statutes: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.
Number of Sections Adopted at Request of a Nongovernmental Entity: New 3, Amended 49, Repealed 13.
Number of Sections Adopted on the Agency's Own Initiative: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.
Number of Sections Adopted in Order to Clarify, Streamline, or Reform Agency Procedures: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.
Number of Sections Adopted Using Negotiated Rule Making: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; Pilot Rule Making: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; or Other Alternative Rule Making: New 3, Amended 49, Repealed 13. Effective Date of Rule: July 1, 2001.
January 3, 2001
Tim Nogler
for Jim Lewis
Council Vice Chair
OTS-4217.6
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-24-078, filed 12/1/98,
effective 7/1/99)
WAC 51-11-0101
Section 101. Scope and general
requirements.
101.1 Title: Chapters 1 through 10 of this Code shall be
known as the "Washington State Residential Energy Code" and may
be cited as such; and will be referred to herein as "this Code."
101.2 Purpose and Intent: The purpose of this Code is to
provide minimum standards for new or altered buildings and
structures or portions thereof to achieve efficient use and
conservation of energy.
The purpose of this Code is not to create or otherwise
establish or designate any particular class or group of persons
who will or should be especially protected or benefitted by the
terms of this Code.
It is intended that these provisions provide flexibility to
permit the use of innovative approaches and techniques to achieve
efficient use and conservation of energy. These provisions are
structured to permit compliance with the intent of this Code by
any one of the following three paths of design:
1. A systems analysis approach for the entire building and
its energy-using sub-systems which may utilize renewable energy
sources, Chapter 4.
2. A component performance approach for various building
elements and mechanical systems and components, Chapter 5.
3. A prescriptive requirements approach, Chapter 6.
Compliance with any one of these approaches meets the intent
of this Code. This Code is not intended to abridge any safety or
health requirements required under any other applicable codes or
ordinances.
The provisions of this Code do not consider the efficiency
of various energy forms as they are delivered to the building
envelope. A determination of delivered energy efficiencies in
conjunction with this Code will provide the most efficient use of
available energy in new building construction.
101.3 Scope: This Code sets forth minimum requirements for
the design of new buildings and structures that provide
facilities or shelter for residential occupancies by regulating
their exterior envelopes and the selection of their HVAC, service
water heating systems and equipment for efficient use and
conservation of energy.
Buildings shall be designed to comply with the requirements
of either Chapter 4, 5, or 6 of this Code.
101.3.1 Exempt Buildings: Buildings and structures or
portions thereof meeting any of the following criteria shall be
exempt from the building envelope requirements of sections 502
and 602, but shall comply with all other requirements for
building mechanical systems, and service water heating.
101.3.1.1: Buildings and structures or portions thereof
whose peak design rate of energy usage is less than three and
four tenths (3.4) Btu/h per square foot or one point zero (1.0)
watt per square foot of floor area for space conditioning
requirements.
101.3.1.2: Buildings and structures or portions thereof
which are neither heated according to the definition of heated
space in Chapter 2, nor cooled by a nonrenewable energy source,
provided that the nonrenewable energy use for space conditioning
complies with requirements of section 101.3.1.1.
101.3.1.3: Greenhouses isolated from any conditioned space
and not intended for occupancy.
101.3.1.4: The provisions of this code do not apply to the
construction, alteration, or repair of temporary worker housing
except as provided by rule adopted under chapter 70.114A RCW or
chapter 37, Laws of 1998 (SB 6168). "Temporary worker housing"
means a place, area, or piece of land where sleeping places or
housing sites are provided by an employer for his or her
employees or by another person, including a temporary worker
housing operator, who is providing such accommodations for
employees, for temporary, seasonal occupancy, and includes "labor
camps" under RCW 70.54.110.
101.3.2 Application to Existing Buildings: Additions,
historic buildings, changes of occupancy or use, and alterations
or repairs shall comply with the requirements in the subsections
below.
| EXCEPTION: | The building official may approve designs of alterations or repairs which do not fully conform with all of the requirements of this Code where in the opinion of the building official full compliance is physically impossible and/or economically impractical and: |
| 1. | The alteration or repair improves the energy efficiency of the building; or |
| 2. | The alteration or repair is energy efficient and is necessary for the health, safety, and welfare of the
general public. |
| In no case, shall building envelope requirements or mechanical system requirements be less than those requirements in effect at the time of the initial construction of the building. |
EXCEPTION:
New additions which do not fully comply with the requirements of this Code and which have a floor area which
is less than seven hundred fifty square feet shall be approved provided that improvements are made to the
existing occupancy to compensate for any deficiencies in the new addition. Compliance shall be demonstrated
by either systems analysis or component performance calculations. The nonconforming addition and upgraded,
existing occupancy shall have an energy budget or ((
heat loss)) Target UA which is less than or equal to the
unimproved existing building (minus any elements which are no longer part of the building envelope once the
addition is added), with the addition designed to comply with this Code.
101.3.2.2 Historic Buildings: The building official may
modify the specific requirements of this Code for historic
buildings and require in lieu thereof alternate requirements
which will result in a reasonable degree of energy efficiency. This modification may be allowed for those buildings which have
been specifically designated as historically significant by the
state or local governing body, or listed in The National Register
of Historic Places or which have been determined to be eligible
for listing.
101.3.2.3 Change of Occupancy or Use:
Any Other than Group R Occupancy which is converted to Group
R Occupancy shall be brought into full compliance with this Code.
101.3.2.4 Alterations and Repairs: All alterations and
repairs to buildings or portions thereof originally constructed
subject to the requirements of this Code shall conform to the
provisions of this Code without exception. For all other
existing buildings, initial tenant alterations shall comply with
the new construction requirements of this Code. Other
alterations and repairs may be made to existing buildings and
moved buildings without making the entire building comply with
all of the requirements of this Code for new buildings, provided
the following requirements are met:
101.3.2.5 Building Envelope: The result of the alterations
or repairs both:
1. Improves the energy efficiency of the building, and
2. Complies with the overall average thermal transmittance
values of the elements of the exterior building envelope in Table
5-1 of Chapter 5 or the nominal R-values and glazing requirements
of the reference case in Tables 6-1 to 6-6.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Untested storm windows may be installed over existing glazing for an assumed U-factor of 0.90, however,
where glass and sash are being replaced in Group R Occupancy, glazing shall comply with the appropriate
reference case in Table 6-1 through Table 6-6.
2. Where the structural elements of the altered portions of roof/ceiling, wall or floor are not being replaced,
these elements shall be deemed to comply with this Code if all existing framing cavities which are exposed
during construction are filled to the full depth with batt insulation or insulation having an equivalent nominal
R-value while, for roof/ceilings, maintaining the required space for ventilation. Existing walls and floors
without framing cavities need not be insulated. Existing roofs shall be insulated to the requirements of this
Code if
a. The roof is uninsulated or insulation is removed to the level of the sheathing, or
b. All insulation in the roof/ceiling was previously installed exterior to the sheathing or nonexistent.
101.3.2.6 Building Mechanical Systems: Those parts of
systems which are altered or replaced shall comply with section
503 of this Code.
101.3.2.7 Service Water Heating: Those parts of systems
which are altered or replaced shall comply with section 504.
101.3.2.8 ((Reserved.)) Lighting: Alterations shall comply
with section 1132.3.
| EXCEPTION: | Group R-3 occupancy and the dwelling unit portions of Group R-1 occupancy. |
101.4 Amendments by Local Government: Except as provided in
RCW 19.27A.020(7), this Code shall be the maximum and minimum
energy code for Group R Occupancy in each town, city and county,
no later than July 1, 1991.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27.031 and 19.27.074. 98-24-078, § 51-11-0101, filed 12/1/98, effective 7/1/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0101, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0101, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0101, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
201.1 Application of Terms: For the purposes of this Code,
certain abbreviations, terms, phrases, words and their
derivatives, shall be as set forth in this chapter. Where terms
are not defined, they shall have their ordinary accepted meanings
within the context with which they are used. In the event there
is a question about the definition of a term, the definitions for
terms in the codes enumerated in RCW 19.27.031 and the edition of
Webster's dictionary referenced therein shall be considered as
the sources for providing ordinarily accepted meanings.
Addition: See the Washington State Building Code.
Advanced framed ceiling: Advanced framing assumes full and even depth of insulation extending to the outside edge of exterior walls. (See Standard Framing and Section 1007.2 of this Code.)
Advanced framed walls: Studs framed on twenty-four inch centers with double top plate and single bottom plate. Corners use two studs or other means of fully insulating corners, and one stud is used to support each header. Headers consist of double 2X material with R-10 insulation between the header and exterior sheathing. Interior partition wall/exterior wall intersections are fully insulated in the exterior wall. (See Standard Framing and Section 1005.2 of this Code.)
AFUE. Annual fuel utilization efficiency: Unlike steady state conditions, this rating is based on average usage including on and off cycling as set out in the standardized Department of Energy Test Procedures.
Air conditioning, comfort: The process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet requirements of the conditioned space.
ARI: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute.
ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
Automatic: Self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence, as for example, a change in current strength, pressure, temperature or mechanical configuration. (See Manual.)
Below grade walls: Walls or the portion of walls which are entirely below the finish grade or which extend two feet or less above the finish grade.
((Building, existing: See the Washington State Building
Code.))
Boiler capacity: The rate of heat output in Btu/h measured at the boiler outlet, at the design inlet and outlet conditions and rated fuel/energy input.
Building envelope: For Group R occupancy, the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or to or from spaces exempted by the provisions of Section 101.3.1. For other than Group R occupancy, the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior, or to or from unconditioned spaces, or to or from semi-heated spaces, or to or from spaces exempted by the provisions of Section 1301.
Building, existing: See the Washington State Building Code.
Building official: The official authorized to act in behalf of a jurisdiction code enforcement agency or its authorized representative.
Building project: A building or group of buildings, including on-site energy conversion or electric-generating facilities, which utilize a single submittal for a construction permit or are within the boundary of a contiguous area under one ownership.
((Comfort envelope: The area on a psychrometric chart
enclosing all those conditions described in Standard RS-4, Figure
No. 1, as being comfortable.))
Conditioned floor area: (See Gross conditioned floor area.)
Conditioned space: ((All spaces which are provided with
heated and/or cooled air or which are capable of being maintained
at temperatures over fifty degrees F during the heating season,
including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated
component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors).))
A cooled space, heated space (fully heated), heated space
(semi-heated) or indirectly conditioned space.
Cooled space: ((Space within a building which is provided
with a positive cooling supply.)) An enclosed space within a
building that is cooled by a cooling system whose sensible
capacity
a. exceeds 5 Btu/(h • ft2), or
b. is capable of maintaining space dry bulb temperature of 90°F or less at design cooling conditions.
COP - Coefficient of performance: The ratio of the rate of net heat output (heating mode) or heat removal (cooling mode) to the rate of total on-site energy input to the heat pump, expressed in consistent units and under designated rating conditions. (See Net Heat Output, Net Heat Removal, Total On-Site Energy Input.)
Daylighted zone:
a. Under overhead glazing: the area under overhead glazing whose horizontal dimension, in each direction, is equal to the overhead glazing dimension in that direction plus either the floor to ceiling height or the dimension to a ceiling height opaque partition, or one-half the distance to adjacent overhead or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
b. At vertical glazing: the area adjacent to vertical glazing which receives daylighting from the glazing. For purposes of this definition and unless more detailed daylighting analysis is provided, the daylighting zone depth is assumed to extend into the space a distance of 15 feet or to the nearest ceiling height opaque partition, whichever is less. The daylighting zone width is assumed to be the width of the window plus either two feet on each side (the distance to an opaque partition) or one-half the distance to adjacent overhead or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
Daylight sensing control (DS): A device that automatically regulates the power input to electric lighting near the glazing to maintain the desired workplace illumination, thus taking advantage of direct or indirect sunlight.
Deadband: The temperature range in which no heating or cooling is used.
((Degree day, heating: A unit, based upon temperature
difference and time, used in estimating fuel consumption and
specifying nominal heating load of a building in winter. For any
one day when the mean temperature is less than sixty-five degrees
F there exist as many degree days as there are Fahrenheit degrees
difference in temperature between the mean temperature for the
day and sixty-five degrees F.))
Design cooling conditions: The cooling outdoor design temperature from the 0.5% column for summer from the Puget Sound Chapter of ASHRAE publication "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures, Washington State, ASHRAE."
Design heating conditions: The heating outdoor design temperature from the 0.6% column for winter from the Puget Sound Chapter of ASHRAE publication "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures, Washington State, ASHRAE."
Door: ((An operable opening area in the shell of a
conditioned space, excluding sliding glass doors, which is
designed and used as a means of ingress and egress. A door may
also include a double door one of which is fixed and one of which
is operable.)) All operable opening areas, which are not glazing,
in the building envelope including swinging and roll-up doors,
fire doors, smoke vents and access hatches.
Door area: Total area of door measured using the rough opening and including the door and frame.
Dwelling unit: See the Washington State Building Code.
EER. Energy efficiency ratio: The ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions.
Economizer, air: A ducting arrangement and automatic control system that allows a cooling supply fan system to supply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration during mild or cold weather.
Economizer, water: A system by which the supply air of a cooling system is cooled directly, indirectly or both, by evaporation of water or by other appropriate fluid in order to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration.
Efficiency, HVAC system: The ratio of useful energy (at the point of use) to the energy input for a designated time period, expressed in percent.
Emissivity: The ability to absorb infrared radiation. A low emissivity implies a higher reflectance of infrared radiation.
Energy: The capacity for doing work; taking a number of forms which may be transformed from one into another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical and chemical; in customary units, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or British thermal units (Btu). (See New energy.)
Energy, recovered: (See Recovered energy.)
Exterior envelope: (See Building envelope.)
Facade area: Vertical projected area including nonhorizontal roof area, overhangs, cornices, etc. measured in elevation in a vertical plane parallel to the plane of the building face.
Floor over unconditioned space: A floor which separates a conditioned space from an unconditioned space which is buffered from exterior ambient conditions including vented crawl spaces and unconditioned basements or other similar spaces, or exposed to exterior ambient conditions including open parking garages and enclosed garages which are mechanically ventilated.
F-Factor: The perimeter heat loss factor expressed in
Btu/hr • ft •°F.
F-Value: (See F-Factor.)
Garden window: A multi-sided glazing product that projects beyond the plane of the wall.
Glazed wall system: A category of site assembled fenestration products used in the NFRC 100 and NFRC 200 rating procedures that include curtainwalls.
Glazing: All areas, including the frames, in the shell of a
conditioned space that let in natural light including windows,
clerestories, skylights, sliding or swinging glass doors and
glass block walls. ((The daylight opening area in all other
doors shall be considered glazing for the purpose of calculating
glazing area. The daylight opening area in all other doors is
included in the door U-factor and shall not be considered in
calculations of glazing U-factors.))
Glazing area: Total area of the glazing measured using the
rough opening, and including the glazing, sash, and frame. ((For
sliding glass doors the glazing area is the rough opening area. For all other doors the glazing area is the daylight opening
area.)) For doors where the daylight opening area is less than
50% of the door area, the glazing area is the daylight opening
area. For all other doors, the glazing area is the door area.
Gross conditioned floor area: The horizontal projection of that portion of interior space which is contained within exterior walls and which is conditioned directly or indirectly by an energy-using system, and which has an average height of five feet or greater, measured from the exterior faces.
Gross exterior wall area: The normal projection of the
building envelope wall area bounding interior space which is
conditioned by an energy-using system and which separates
conditioned space from: Unconditioned space, or semi-heated
space, or exterior ambient conditions or earth; includes opaque
wall, ((window)) vertical glazing and door areas. The gross area
of walls consists of all opaque wall areas, including foundation
walls, between floor spandrels, peripheral edges of floors,
((window)) vertical glazing areas ((including sash,)) and door
areas, where such surfaces are exposed to exterior ambient
conditions and enclose a conditioned space including interstitial
areas between two such spaces. (See Below grade wall.)
Gross floor area: The sum of the areas of the several floors of the building, including basements, cellars, mezzanine and intermediate floored tiers and penthouses of headroom height, measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the center line of walls separating buildings, but excluding: Covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces. Pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs and similar features.
Gross roof/ceiling area: ((The sum of the areas of the
roof/ceiling assembly, consisting of the total interior surface
area of all elements, including skylights, which enclose a
conditioned space.)) A roof/ceiling assembly shall be considered
as all components of the roof/ceiling envelope through which heat
flows, thus creating a building transmission heat loss or gain,
where such assembly is exposed to exterior ambient conditions and
encloses a conditioned space. The assembly does not include
those components that are separated from a heated and/or cooled
space by a vented airspace. The gross area of a roof/ceiling
assembly consists of the total interior surface of such assembly,
including overhead glazing.
Guest room: See the Washington State Building Code.
Heat: The form of energy that is transferred by virtue of a temperature difference.
Heat storage capacity: The physical property of materials (mass) located inside the building envelope to absorb, store, and release heat.
Heated space (Fully heated): ((Space within a building
which is provided with a positive heating supply. Finished
living space within a basement or registers or heating devices
designed to supply heat to a basement space shall automatically
define that space as heated space. (See Positive Heating
Supply.))) An enclosed space within a building, including
adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component
(e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors), which is
heated by a heating system whose output capacity is
a. Capable of maintaining a space dry-bulb temperature of 45°F or greater at design heating conditions; or
b. 8 Btu/(h • ft2) or greater in Climate Zone 1 and 12 Btu/(h • ft2) or greater in Climate Zone 2.
Heated space (Semi-heated): An enclosed space within a building, including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors), which is heated by a heating system
a. whose output capacity is 3 Btu/(h • ft2) or greater in Climate Zone 1 and 5 Btu/(h • ft2) or greater in Climate Zone 2; and
b. is not a Heated Space (Fully Heated).
HSPF. Heating season performance factor: The total heating
output (in Btu) of a heat pump during its normal annual usage
period for heating divided by the total (watt hour) electric
power input during the same period, as determined by test
procedures consistent with the U.S. Department of Energy "Test
Procedure for Central Air Conditioners, Including Heat Pumps"
published in ((the December 27, 1979, Federal Register, Vol 44,
No. 24, IOCFR. 430)) Standard RS-30. When specified in Btu per
watt hour an HSPF of 6.826 is equivalent to a COP of 2.0.
Humidistat: A regulatory device, actuated by changes in humidity, used for automatic control of relative humidity.
HVAC: Heating, ventilating and air conditioning.
HVAC system components: HVAC system components provide, in one or more factory-assembled packages, means for chilling and/or heating water with controlled temperature for delivery to terminal units serving the conditioned spaces of the buildings. Types of HVAC system components include, but are not limited to, water chiller packages, reciprocating condensing units and water source (hydronic) heat pumps. (See HVAC system equipment.)
HVAC system efficiency: (See Efficiency, HVAC system.)
HVAC system equipment: HVAC system equipment provides, in one (single package) or more (split system) factory-assembled packages, means for air circulation, air cleaning, air cooling with controlled temperature and dehumidification; and optionally, either alone or in combination with a heating plant, the functions of heating and humidifying. The cooling function may be either electrically or heat operated and the refrigerant condenser may be air, water or evaporatively cooled. Where the equipment is provided in more than one package, the separate packages shall be designed by the manufacturer to be used together. The equipment may provide the heating function as a heat pump or by the use of electric elements. (The word "equipment" used without modifying adjective may, in accordance with common industry usage, apply either to HVAC system equipment or HVAC system components.)
((Illumination: The density of the luminous flux incident
on a surface; it is the quotient of the luminous flux by the area
of the surface when the latter is uniformly illuminated.))
Indirectly conditioned space: An enclosed space within a building that is not a heated or cooled space, whose area weighted heat transfer coefficient to heated or cooled spaces exceeds that to the outdoors or to unconditioned spaces; or through which air from heated or cooled spaces is transferred at a rate exceeding three air changes per hour. Enclosed corridors between conditioned spaces shall be considered as indirectly conditioned space. (See Heated Space, Cooled Space and Unconditioned Space.)
Infiltration: The uncontrolled inward air leakage through cracks and interstices in any building element and around windows and doors of a building caused by the pressure effects of wind and/or the effect of differences in the indoor and outdoor air density.
Insulation baffle: A rigid material, resistant to wind driven moisture, the purpose of which is to allow air to flow freely into the attic or crawl space and to prevent insulation from blocking the ventilation of these spaces, or the loss of insulation. Example materials for this purpose are sheet metal, or wax impregnated cardboard.
Insulation position:
a. Exterior Insulation Position: a wall having all or nearly all of its mass exposed to the room air with the insulation on the exterior of the mass.
b. Integral Insulation Position: a wall having mass exposed to both room and outside air, with substantially equal amounts of mass on the inside and outside of the insulation layer.
c. Interior Insulation Position: a wall not meeting either of the above definitions; particularly a wall having most of its mass external to the insulation layer.
IPLV -- Integrated part-load value: A single number figure of merit based on part-load EER or COP expressing part-load efficiency for air conditioning and heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various load capacities for the equipment as specified in the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) and Cooling Tower Institute (CTI) procedures.
Luminaire: A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and to connect the lamps to the electric power supply.
Manual: Capable of being operated by personal intervention. (See Automatic.)
Microcell: A wireless communication facility consisting of an antenna that is either: (a) Four (4) feet in height and with an area of not more than 580 square inches; or (b) if a tubular antenna, no more than four (4) inches in diameter and no more than six (6) feet in length; and the associated equipment cabinet that is six (6) feet or less in height and no more than 48 square feet in floor area.
NFPA: National Fire Protection Association.
NFRC: National Fenestration Rating Council.
Net heat output: The change in the total heat content of the air entering and leaving the equipment (not including supplementary heat and heat from boilers).
Net heat removal: The total difference in heat content of the air entering and leaving the equipment (without heat) or the difference in total heat content of the water or refrigerant entering and leaving the component.
New energy: Energy, other than recovered energy, utilized for the purpose of heating or cooling. (See energy.)
Nominal R-value: The thermal resistance of insulation as specified by the manufacturer according to recognized trade and engineering standards.
Nonrenewable energy sources: All energy sources that are not renewable energy sources including natural gas, oil, coal, wood, liquified petroleum gas, steam, and any utility-supplied electricity.
Nonresidential: All buildings and spaces in the Uniform Building Code (UBC) occupancies other than Group R.
Occupancy: See the Washington State Building Code.
Occupancy sensor: A device that detects occupants within an area, causing any combination of lighting, equipment or appliances to be turned on or shut off.
Opaque envelope areas: All exposed areas of a building
envelope which enclose conditioned space, except openings for
((windows, skylights,)) doors, glazing and building service
systems.
Open blown: Loose fill insulation pneumatically installed in an unconfined attic space.
Outdoor air (outside air): Air taken from the outdoors and,
therefore, not previously circulated through ((the system)) a
building.
Overhead glazing: A glazing surface that has a slope of less than 60° from the horizontal plane.
Packaged terminal air conditioner: A factory-selected combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies or sections intended to serve a room or zone. (For the complete technical definition, see Standard RS-10.)
((Packaged terminal heat pump: A factory-selected
combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies or
sections intended for application in an individual room or zone. (For the complete technical definition, see Standard RS-21.)))
Permeance (perm): The ability of a material of specified
thickness to transmit moisture in terms of amount of moisture
transmitted per unit time for a specified area and differential
pressure (grains per hour • ft2 • inches of HG). Permeance may be
measured using ASTM E-96-72 or other approved dry cup method as
specified in ((RS-1)) RS-27.
Personal wireless service facility: A Wireless Communication Facility (WCF), including a microcell, which is a facility for the transmission and/or reception of radio frequency signals and which may include antennas, equipment shelter or cabinet, transmission cables, a support structure to achieve the necessary elevation, and reception and/or transmission devices or antennas.
Pool cover: A vapor-retardant cover which lies on or at the surface of the pool.
((Positive cooling supply: Mechanical cooling deliberately
supplied to a space, such as through a supply register. Also,
mechanical cooling indirectly supplied to a space through
uninsulated surfaces of space cooling components, such as
evaporator coil cases and cooling distribution systems which are
capable of maintaining air temperatures within the space of
eighty-five degrees F, or lower, at the exterior design
conditions specified in Section 302.1. To be considered exempt
from inclusion in this definition, such surfaces shall comply
with the insulation requirements of this Code.
Positive heating supply: Heat deliberately supplied to a space by design, such as a supply register, radiator or heating element. Also, heat indirectly supplied to a space through uninsulated surfaces of service water heaters and space heating components, such as furnaces, boilers and heating and cooling distributions systems which are capable of maintaining air temperature within the space of fifty degrees F, or higher, at the exterior design conditions specified in Section 302.1. To be considered exempt from inclusion in this definition, such surfaces shall comply with the insulation requirements of this Code.))
Power: In connection with machines, the time rate of doing work. In connection with the transmission of energy of all types, the rate at which energy is transmitted; in customary units, it is measured in watts (W) or British Thermal Units per hour (Btu/h).
((Public facility rest room: A rest room used by the
transient public on a regular (rather than casual) basis. Examples include rest rooms in service stations, airports, train
terminals and convention halls. Rest rooms incorporated with
private guest rooms in hotels, motels or dormitories and rest
room facilities intended for the use of employees and not usually
used by the general public are not considered public facility
rest rooms.)) Process energy: Energy consumed in support of a
manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process other than the
maintenance of building comfort or amenities for building
occupants.
Radiant slab floor: A slab floor assembly on grade or
below, containing heated pipes, ducts, or electric heating cables
that constitute a ((radiant slab)) floor or portion thereof for
((a)) complete or partial heating of the structure.
Readily accessible: See the Washington State Mechanical Code.
Recooling: The removal of heat by sensible cooling of the supply air (directly or indirectly) that has been previously heated above the temperature to which the air is to be supplied to the conditioned space for proper control of the temperature of that space.
Recovered energy: Energy utilized which would otherwise be wasted (i.e. not contribute to a desired end use) from an energy utilization system.
Reheat: The application of sensible heat to supply air that has been previously cooled below the temperature of the conditioned space by either mechanical refrigeration or the introduction of outdoor air to provide cooling.
Renewable energy sources: Renewable energy sources of energy (excluding minerals) are derived from: (1) incoming solar radiation, including but not limited to, natural daylighting and photosynthetic processes; (2) energy sources resulting from wind, waves and tides, lake or pond thermal differences; and (3) energy derived from the internal heat of the earth, including nocturnal thermal exchanges.
Reset: Adjustment of the set point of a control instrument to a higher or lower value automatically or manually to conserve energy.
Roof/ceiling assembly: ((A roof/ceiling assembly shall be
considered as all components of the roof/ceiling envelope through
which heat flows, thus creating a building transmission heat loss
or gain, where such assembly is exposed exterior ambient
conditions to and encloses a conditioned space. The gross area
of a roof/ceiling assembly consists of the total interior surface
of such assembly, including skylights.)) (See Gross roof/ceiling
area.)
SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio: The total cooling output of an air conditioner during its normal annual usage period, in Btu's, divided by the total electric energy input in watt-hours, during the same period, as determined by 10 CFR, Part 430.
Semi-heated space: Sub-category of Heated Space. (See Heated Space.)
Sequence: A consecutive series of operations.
Service systems: All energy-using systems in a building that are operated to provide services for the occupants or processes housed therein, including HVAC, service water heating, illumination, transportation, cooking or food preparation, laundering or similar functions.
Service water heating: Supply of hot water for domestic or commercial purposes other than comfort heating.
Shaded: Glazed area which is externally protected from direct solar radiation by use of devices permanently affixed to the structure or by an adjacent building, topographical feature, or vegetation.
Shading coefficient: The ratio of solar heat gain occurring through nonopaque portions of the glazing, with or without integral shading devices, to the solar heat gain occurring through an equivalent area of unshaded, 1/8 inch thick, clear, double-strength glass.
| Note: | Heat gains to be compared under the same conditions. See Chapter 28 of Standard RS-27, listed in Chapter 7 of this Code. |
Single family: One and two family residential dwelling units with no more than two units in a single building.
Skylight: ((A glazing surface that has a slope of less than
sixty degrees from the horizontal plane.)) (See Overhead
glazing.)
Slab-below-grade: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is more than 24 inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.
Slab-on-grade, exterior: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is less than or equal to twenty-four inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.
((Slab-below-grade: Any portion of a slab floor in contact
with the ground which is more than twenty-four inches below the
final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.))
Small business: Any business entity (including a sole proprietorship, corporation, partnership, or other legal entity) which is owned and operated independently from all other businesses, which has the purpose of making a profit, and which has fifty or fewer employees, or which has a million dollars or less per year in gross sales, of window products.
Solar energy source: Source of natural daylighting and of thermal, chemical or electrical energy derived directly from conversion of incident solar radiation.
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the glazing product to the incident solar radiation. Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation which is then reradiated, conducted or convected into the space.
Split system: Any heat pump or air conditioning unit which is provided in more than one assembly requiring refrigeration piping installed in the field.
Standard framing: All framing practices not defined as "intermediate" or "advanced" shall be considered standard. (See Advanced framed ceiling, Advanced framed walls, Intermediate framed wall and Section 1005.2 of this Code.)
Substantial contact: A condition where adjacent building materials are placed in a manner that proximal surfaces are contiguous, being installed and supported as to eliminate voids between materials, without compressing or degrading the thermal performance of either product.
System: A combination of central or terminal equipment or components and/or controls, accessories, interconnecting means, and terminal devices by which energy is transformed so as to perform a specific function, such as HVAC, service water heating or illumination.
Tapering: Installation of a reduced level of ceiling insulation at the eaves, due to reduced clearance.
Thermal by-pass: An area where the envelope surrounding the conditioned space is breached, or where an ineffective application compromises the performance of a thermal or infiltration barrier, increasing the structure's energy consumption by exposing finished surfaces to ambient conditions and additional heat transfer.
Thermal conductance (C): Time rate of heat flow through a body (frequently per unit area) from one of its bounding surfaces to the other for a unit temperature difference between the two surfaces, under steady conditions (Btu/hr • ft2 •°F).
Thermal resistance (R): The reciprocal of thermal conductance (hr • ft2 •°F/Btu).
Thermal transmittance (U): The coefficient of heat
transmission (air to air). It is the time rate of heat flow per
unit area and unit temperature difference between the warm side
and cold side air films (Btu/hr • ft2 •°F). ((The U-factor applies
to the fractional combinations of different materials used in
series along the heat flow path.))
Thermal transmittance, overall (Uo): The overall (average)
heat transmission of a gross area of the exterior building
envelope (Btu/hr • ft2 •°F). The Uo-factor applies to the combined
effect of the time rate of heat flows through the various
parallel paths, such as ((windows,)) glazing, doors and opaque
construction areas, comprising the gross area of one or more
exterior building components, such as walls, floors or
roof/ceiling.
Thermostat: An automatic control device actuated by temperature and designed to be responsive to temperature.
Total on-site energy input: The combination of all the energy inputs to all elements and accessories as included in the equipment components, including but not limited to, compressor(s), compressor sump heater(s), circulating pump(s), purge devices, fan(s), and the HVAC system component control circuit.
Transmission coefficient: The ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system to that of an unshaded single pane of double strength window glass under the same set of conditions.
U-factor: (See thermal transmittance.)
U-Value: (See U-factor.)
Uniform Building Code (UBC): ((The Washington State Uniform
Building Code as modified by the Washington State Building Code
Council.)) (See Washington State Building Code.)
Uniform Mechanical Code (UMC): ((The Washington State
Uniform Mechanical Code as modified by the Washington State
Building Code Council.)) (See Washington State Mechanical Code.)
Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC): (See Washington State Plumbing Code.)
Unitary cooling and heating equipment: One or more factory-made assemblies which include an evaporator or cooling coil, a compressor and condenser combination, and may include a heating function as well. Where such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.
Unitary heat pump: One or more factory-made assemblies which include an indoor conditioning coil, compressor(s) and outdoor coil or refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, including means to provide both heating and cooling functions. When such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.
Vapor retarder: A layer of low moisture transmissivity
material (not more than 1.0 perm dry cup) placed over the warm
side (in winter) of insulation, over the exterior of below grade
walls, and under floors as ground cover to limit the transport of
water and water vapor through exterior walls, ceilings, and
floors. Vapor retarding paint, listed for this application, also
((complies with this Code)) meets this definition.
Vaulted ceilings: All ceilings where enclosed joist or rafter space is formed by ceilings applied directly to the underside of roof joists or rafters.
Ventilation: The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.
Ventilation air: That portion of supply air which comes from outside (outdoors) plus any recirculated air that has been treated to maintain the desired quality of air within a designated space.
Vertical glazing: A glazing surface that has a slope of 60° or greater from the horizontal plane.
Walls (exterior): Any member or group of members which defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and which have a slope of sixty degrees or greater with the horizontal plane, and separates conditioned from unconditioned space. Band joists between floors are to be considered a part of exterior walls.
Washington State Building Code: The building code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.
Washington State Mechanical Code: The mechanical code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.
Washington State Plumbing Code: The plumbing code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.
Zone: A space or group of spaces within a building with heating and/or cooling requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained throughout by a single controlling device. Each dwelling unit in residential buildings shall be considered a single zone.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0201, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0201, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0201, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0201, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
502.1 General:
502.1.1: The stated U- or F-factor of any component
assembly, listed in Table 5-1 or 5-2, such as roof/ceiling,
opaque wall or opaque floor may be increased and the U-factor for
other components decreased, provided that the total heat gain or
loss for the entire building envelope does not exceed the total
resulting from compliance to the U-factors specified in this
Section.
The U-factors for typical construction assemblies are
included in Chapter 10. These values shall be used for all
calculations. Where proposed construction assemblies are not
represented in Chapter 10, values shall be calculated in
accordance with Chapters 21-29 in Standard RS-1 listed in Chapter
7, using the framing factors listed in Chapter 10 where
applicable.
For envelope assemblies containing metal framing, the
U-factor shall be determined by one of the following methods:
1. Results of laboratory or field measurements.
2. Standard RS-25, listed in Chapter 7, where the metal
framing is bonded on one or both sides to a metal skin or
covering.
3. The zone method as provided in Chapter 24 of Standard
RS-1, listed in Chapter 7.
4. Results of parallel path correction factors effective
framing/cavity R-values as provided ((from the following table
for metal stud walls and roof ceilings:)) in Table 10-5A - EFFECTIVE R-VALUES FOR METAL FRAMING AND CAVITY ONLY for metal stud walls
and roof/ceilings.
Inches |
Inches |
R-Value |
16" o.c. |
24" o.c. |
|
| R-11.4)) | |||||
502.1.3: When return air ceiling plenums are employed, the
roof/ceiling assembly shall:
a. For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the
ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly; and
b. For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior face
of the upper plenum surface.
502.1.4 Insulation:
502.1.4.1 General: All insulating materials shall comply
with sections 2602 and/or 707 of the Uniform Building Code. Substantial contact of the insulation with the surface being
insulated is required. All insulation materials shall be
installed according to the manufacturer's instructions to achieve
proper densities and maintain uniform R-values and shall be
installed in a manner which will permit inspection of the
manufacturer's R-value identification mark. To the maximum
extent possible, insulation shall extend over the full component
area to the intended R-value.
Alternatively, the thickness of roof/ceiling and wall insulation that is either blown in or spray-applied shall be identified by inches of thickness, density and R-value markers installed at least one for every 300 square feet (28 m2) through the attic, ceiling and/or wall space. In attics, the markers shall be affixed to the trusses or joists and marked with the minimum initial installed thickness and minimum settled thickness with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in height. Each marker shall face the attic access. The thickness of installed attic insulation shall meet or exceed the minimum initial installed thickness shown by the marker. In cathedral ceilings and walls, the markers shall be affixed to the rafter and wall frame at alternating high and low intervals and marked with the minimum installed density and R-value with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in height. Each marker shall face the conditioned room area.
502.1.4.2 Insulation Materials: All insulation materials
including facings such as vapor barriers or breather papers
installed within floor/ceiling assemblies, roof/ceiling
assemblies, walls, crawl spaces, or attics shall have a flame
spread rating of less than 25 and a smoke density not to exceed
450 when tested in accordance with UBC Standard 8-1.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Foam plastic insulation shall comply with section 2602 of the Uniform Building Code.
2. When such materials are installed in concealed spaces of Types III, IV and V construction, the flame spread
and smoke developed limitations do not apply to facing, provided that the facing is installed in substantial
contact with the unexposed surface of the ceiling, floor or wall finish.
3. Cellulose insulation shall comply with section 707 of the Uniform Building Code.
502.1.4.3 Clearances: Where required, insulation shall be
installed with clearances according to manufacturer's
specifications. Insulation shall be installed so that required
ventilation is unobstructed. For blown or poured loose fill
insulation, clearances shall be maintained through installation
of a permanent retainer.
502.1.4.4 Access Hatches and Doors: Access doors from
conditioned spaces to unconditioned spaces (e.g., attics and
crawl spaces) shall be weatherstripped and insulated to a level
equivalent to the insulation on the surrounding surfaces. Access
shall be provided to all equipment which prevents damaging or
compressing the insulation. A wood framed or equivalent baffle
or retainer must be provided when loose fill insulation is
installed, the purpose of which is to prevent the loose fill
insulation from spilling into the living space when the attic
access is opened, and to provide a permanent means of maintaining
the installed R-value of the loose fill insulation.
502.1.4.5 Roof/Ceiling Insulation: Open-blown or poured
loose fill insulation may be used in attic spaces where the slope
of the ceiling is not more than 3 feet in 12 and there is at
least 30 inches of clear distance from the top of the bottom
chord of the truss or ceiling joist to the underside of the
sheathing at the roof ridge. When eave vents are installed,
baffling of the vent openings shall be provided so as to deflect
the incoming air above the surface of the insulation. Baffles
shall be, rigid material, resistant to wind driven moisture. Requirements for baffles for ceiling insulation shall meet the
Uniform Building Code section 1505.3 for minimum ventilation
requirements. When feasible, the baffles shall be installed from
the top of the outside of the exterior wall, extending inward, to
a point 6 inches vertically above the height of noncompressed
insulation, and 12 inches vertically above loose fill insulation.
502.1.4.6 Wall Insulation: Insulation installed in exterior
walls shall comply with the provisions of this section. All wall
insulation shall fill the entire framed cavity. Exterior wall
cavities isolated during framing shall be fully insulated to the
levels of the surrounding walls. All faced insulation shall be
face stapled to avoid compression.
502.1.4.7 Floor Insulation: Floor insulation shall be
installed in a permanent manner in substantial contact with the
surface being insulated. Insulation supports shall be installed
so spacing is no more than 24 inches on center. Foundation vents
shall be placed so that the top of the vent is below the lower
surface of the floor insulation.
EXCEPTION:
Insulation may be omitted from floor areas over heated basements, heated garages or underfloor areas used as
HVAC supply plenums. See Uniform Mechanical Code section 607 for underfloor supply plenum
requirements. When foundation walls are insulated, the insulation shall be attached in a permanent manner.
The insulation shall not block the airflow through foundation vents when installed. When foundation vents are
not placed so that the top of the vent is below the lower surface of the floor insulation, a permanently attached
baffle shall be installed at an angle of 30° from horizontal, to divert air flow below the lower surface of the
floor insulation.
502.1.4.8 Slab-On-Grade: Slab-on-grade insulation,
installed inside the foundation wall, shall extend downward from
the top of the slab for a minimum distance of 24 inches or
downward and then horizontally beneath the slab for a minimum
combined distance of 24 inches. Insulation installed outside the
foundation shall extend downward to a minimum of 24 inches or to
the frostline. Above grade insulation shall be protected.
EXCEPTION:
For monolithic slabs, the insulation shall extend downward from the top of the slab to the bottom of the
footing.
502.1.4.9 Radiant Slabs: The entire area of a radiant slab
shall be thermally isolated from the soil, with a minimum of R-10
insulation. The insulation shall be an approved product for its
intended use. If a soil gas control system is present below the
radiant slab, which results in increased convective flow below
the radiant slab, the radiant slab shall be thermally isolated
from the sub-slab gravel layer.
502.1.4.10 Below Grade Walls: Below grade exterior wall
insulation used on the exterior (cold) side of the wall shall
extend from the top of the below grade wall to the top of the
footing and shall be approved for below grade use. Above grade
insulation shall be protected.
Insulation used on the interior (warm) side of the wall
shall extend from the top of the below grade wall to the below
grade floor level.
502.1.5 Glazing and Door U-factors: Glazing and door
U-factors shall be determined in accordance with sections
502.1.5.1 and 502.1.5.2. All products shall be labeled with the
NFRC certified or default U-factor. The labeled U-factor shall
be used in all calculations to determine compliance with this
Code. Sealed insulating glass shall conform to, or be in test
for, ASTM E-774-81 class A.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. For glazed wall systems, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the vertical
glazing U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 through 6-6 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater: |
| a. Double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e=0.10 maximum,
with 90% minimum argon gas fill, and a non-aluminum spacer (as defined in footnote 1 to Table 10-6B), and |
|
| b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum clad
wood, vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label
stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 vertical glazing U-factor requirement
using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code." |
|
| 2. For overhead glazing, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the overhead
glazing U-factor requirement in all Table 6-1 through 6-6 options except the unlimited glazing area options
(Option VIII in Table 6-2, Option IX in Table 6-4, and Option VIII for Climate Zone 1 and Option IX for
Climate Zone 2 in Table 6-6): |
|
| a. Either, double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e=0.20
maximum, with 90% minimum argon gas fill, or, triple glazed plastic domes, and |
|
| b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum clad
wood, vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label
stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 overhead glazing U-factor requirement
using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code." |
|
| 3. For solariums with a floor area which does not exceed 300 square feet, assemblies which comply with the
features listed in exception 2 are deemed to satisfy the vertical glazing and overhead glazing U-factor
requirement in Table 6-1 through 6-6 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label
stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 vertical glazing and overhead glazing
U-factor requirements using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code." |
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Glazing products without NFRC ratings may be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6A for vertical
glazing and from Table 10-6E for overhead glazing.
2. Units without NFRC ratings produced by a small business may be assigned default U-factors from Table
10-6A for garden windows, from Table 10-6B for other vertical glazing, and from Table 10-6E for overhead
glazing.
502.1.5.2 Standard Procedure for Determination of Door
U-factors: ((Half-lite and full-lite doors, including fire
doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6D.)) All ((other)) doors, including fire doors, shall be assigned
default U-factors from Table 10-6C.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. U-factors determined, certified and labeled in accordance with the National Fenestration Rating Council
(NFRC) Product Certification Program (PCP), as authorized by an independent certification and inspection
agency licensed by the NFRC.
2. The default values for the opaque portions of doors shall be those listed in Table 10-6C, provided that the
U-factor listed for a door with a thermal break shall only be allowed if both the door and the frame have a
thermal break.
3. One unlabeled or untested exterior swinging door with the maximum area of 24 square feet may be installed
for ornamental, security or architectural purposes. Products using this exception shall not be included in either
the U-factor or glazing area calculation requirements.
502.1.6 Moisture Control:
502.1.6.1 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarders shall be
installed on the warm side (in winter) of insulation as specified
in the following cases.
| EXCEPTION: | Vapor retarder installed with not more than 1/3 of the nominal R-value between it and the conditioned space. |
502.1.6.3 Roof/Ceilings: Roof/ceiling assemblies where the
ventilation space above the insulation is less than an average of
12 inches shall be provided with a vapor retarder. Faced batt
insulation where used as a vapor retarder shall be face stapled. Single rafter joist vaulted ceiling cavities shall be of
sufficient depth to allow a minimum one inch vented air space
above the insulation.
502.1.6.4: Vapor retarders shall not be required in
roof/ceiling assemblies where the ventilation space above the
insulation averages 12 inches or greater.
502.1.6.5: Vapor retarders shall not be required where all
of the insulation is installed between the roof membrane and the
structural roof deck.
502.1.6.6 Walls: Walls separating conditioned space from
unconditioned space shall have a vapor retarder installed. Faced
batt insulation shall be face stapled.
502.1.6.7 Ground Cover: A ground cover of six mil (0.006
inch thick) black polyethylene or approved equal shall be laid
over the ground within crawl spaces. The ground cover shall be
overlapped 12 inches minimum at the joints and shall extend to
the foundation wall.
| EXCEPTION: | The ground cover may be omitted in crawl spaces if the crawl space has a concrete slab floor with a minimum thickness of 3-1/2 inches. |
502.2.1 UA Calculations: The proposed UA as calculated
using Equations 2 and 3 shall not exceed the target UA as
calculated using Equation 1. For the purpose of determining
equivalent thermal performance, the glazing area for the target
UA shall be calculated using values in Table 5-1. The opaque
door area shall be the same in the target UA and the proposed UA.
| EXCEPTION: | Log and solid timber walls that have a minimum average thickness of 3.5" and with space heat type other than electric resistance, are exempt from wall target UA and proposed UA calculations. |
1. Electric Resistance: Space heating systems which include
baseboard units, radiant units and forced air units as either the
primary or secondary heating system.
| EXCEPTION: | Electric resistance systems for which the total electric heat capacity in each individual dwelling unit does not exceed the greater of: 1) One thousand watts (1000 w) per dwelling unit, or; 2) One watt per square foot (1 w/ft2) of the gross floor area. |
502.3 Reserved.
502.4 Air Leakage:
502.4.1 General: The requirements of this section shall
apply to all buildings and structures, or portions thereof, and
only to those locations separating outdoor ambient conditions
from interior spaces that are heated or mechanically cooled.
502.4.2 Doors and Windows, General: Exterior doors and
windows shall be designed to limit air leakage into or from the
building envelope. Site-constructed doors and windows shall be
sealed in accordance with Section 502.4.3.
502.4.3 Seals and Weatherstripping:
a. Exterior joints around windows and door frames, openings
between walls and foundation, between walls and roof and wall
panels; openings at penetrations of utility services through
walls, floors and roofs; and all other openings in the building
envelope for all occupancies and all other openings in between
units in R-1 occupancy shall be sealed, caulked, gasketed or
weatherstripped to limit air leakage. Other exterior joints and
seams shall be similarly treated, or taped, or covered with
moisture vapor permeable housewrap.
b. All exterior doors or doors serving as access to an
enclosed unheated area shall be weatherstripped to limit leakage
around their perimeter when in a closed position.
c. Site built windows are exempt from testing but shall be
made tight fitting. Fixed lights shall have glass retained by
stops with sealant or caulking all around. Operating sash shall
have weatherstripping working against overlapping trim and a
closer/latch which will hold the sash closed. The window frame
to framing crack shall be made tight with caulking, overlapping
membrane or other approved technique.
d. Openings that are required to be fire resistive are
exempt from this section.
502.4.4 Recessed Lighting Fixtures: When installed in the
building envelope, recessed lighting fixtures shall meet one of
the following requirements:
1. Type IC rated, manufactured with no penetrations between
the inside of the recessed fixture and ceiling cavity and sealed
or gasketed to prevent air leakage into the unconditioned space.
2. Type IC rated, installed inside a sealed box constructed
from a minimum 1/2 inch thick gypsum wall board, or constructed
from a preformed polymeric vapor barrier, or other air tight
assembly manufactured for this purpose.
3. Type IC rated, certified under ASTM E283 to have no more
than 2.0 cfm air movement from the conditioned space to the
ceiling cavity. The lighting fixture shall be tested at 75
Pascals or 1.57 lbs/ft2 pressure difference and have a label
attached, showing compliance.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0502, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0502, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-24-075, filed 12/1/98,
effective 7/1/99)
WAC 51-11-0503
Building mechanical systems.
503.1 General: This section covers the determination of design requirements, system and component performance, control requirements, insulating systems and duct construction.
((
EXCEPTIONS:Special applications, including but not limited to hospitals, laboratories, thermally sensitive equipment, and
computer rooms may be exempted from the requirements of this section when approved by the building
official.))
503.2 Calculations of Heating and Cooling Loads, and System
Sizing Limits: The design parameters specified in Chapter 3
shall apply for all computations.
503.2.1 Calculation Procedures: Heating and cooling design
loads for the purpose of sizing HVAC systems are required and
shall be calculated in accordance with accepted engineering
practice, including infiltration and ventilation.
503.2.2 Space Heating and Space Cooling System Sizing
Limits: Building mechanical systems for all buildings which
provide space heating and/or space cooling shall be sized no
greater than two hundred percent (200%) of the heating and
cooling design loads as calculated above.
EXCEPTIONS:
The following limited exemptions from the sizing limit shall be allowed((
,)); however, in all cases heating
and/or cooling design load calculations shall be submitted.
1. For equipment which provides both heating and cooling in one package unit, including heat pumps with
electric heating and cooling and gas-pack units with gas heating and electric cooling, compliance need only be
demonstrated for either the space heating or space cooling system size.
2. Natural gas- or oil-fired space heating equipment whose total rated space heating output in any one dwelling
unit is ((
fifty-six thousand Btu/h or less))
a. 40,000 Btu/h or less is exempt from the sizing limit,
b. larger than 40,000 Btu/h may exceed the two hundred (200%) percent sizing limit provided that the installed
equipment has an annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) of not less than ((
the sum of seventy-eight percent
plus one percent for every five thousand Btu/h that the space heating equipment output exceeds the design
heating load of the dwelling unit)) ninety (90%) percent.
3. Stand-by equipment may be installed if controls and other devices are provided which allow redundant
equipment to operate only when the primary equipment is not operating.
503.3 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling: Systems and
equipment that provide simultaneous heating and cooling shall
comply with the requirements in, as appropriate, Section 1422 or
Section 1435.
503.4 HVAC Equipment Performance Requirements:
503.4.1 Equipment Components:
503.4.1.1: The requirements of this section apply to
equipment and mechanical component performance for heating,
ventilating and air-conditioning systems. Equipment efficiency
levels are specified. Data furnished by the equipment supplier
or certified under a nationally recognized certification program
or rating procedure shall be used to satisfy these requirements. Equipment efficiencies shall be based on the standard rating
conditions in Tables 5-4, 5-5 or 5-6 as appropriate.
503.4.1.2: Where components from more than one manufacturer
are assembled into systems regulated under this section,
compliance for each component shall be as specified in sections
503.4.2 through 503.4.6 of this Code.
503.4.2: HVAC System Heating Equipment Heat Pump-heating
Mode. Heat pumps whose energy input is entirely electric shall
have a coefficient of performance (COP) heating, not less than
the values in Table 5-7. Heat Pumps with supplementary backup
heat other than electricity shall meet the requirements of Table
5-7.
503.4.2.1: These requirements apply to, but are not limited
to, unitary (central) heat pumps (air source and water source) in
the heating mode, water source (hydronic) heat pumps as used in
multiple-unit hydronic HVAC systems, and heat pumps in the
packaged terminal air-conditioner in the heating mode.
503.4.2.3 Supplementary Heater: The heat pump shall be
installed with a control to prevent supplementary backup heater
operation when the operating load can be met by the heat pump
compression cycle alone.
503.4.2.4 Heat Pump Controls: Requirements for heat pump
controls are listed in section 503.8.3.5 of this Code.
503.4.3 HVAC System Combustion Equipment: For Group R
Occupancy, all gas, oil, and propane central heating systems
shall have a minimum AFUE of 0.78*. All other Group R Occupancy
heating equipment fueled by gas, oil, or propane shall be
equipped with an intermittent ignition device, or shall comply
with the efficiencies as required in the 1987 National Appliances
Energy Conservation Act (Public Law 100-12).
*HVAC Heating system efficiency trade-offs shall be made
using Chapters 4 or 6 of this Code.
503.4.4 Packaged and Unitary HVAC System Equipment,
Electrically Operated, Cooling Mode: HVAC system equipment as
listed below, whose energy input in the cooling mode is entirely
electric, shall have an energy efficiency ratio (EER) or a
seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) cooling not less than
values in Table 5-8.
503.4.4.1: These requirements apply to, but are not limited
to, unitary (central) and packaged terminal heat pumps (air
source and water source); packaged terminal air conditioners.
503.4.5 Other HVAC Equipment: HVAC equipment, other than
that addressed in Sections 503.4.2 through 503.4.4, shall have a
minimum performance at the specified rating conditions not less
than the values shown in Tables 14-1 through 14-3.
503.5 Reserved.
503.6 Balancing: The HVAC system design shall provide a
means for balancing air and water systems. Balancing the system
shall include, but not be limited to, dampers, temperature and
pressure test connections and balancing valves.
503.7 Cooling with Outdoor Air (Economizer Cycle): ((Each
fan system shall be designed to use up to and including 100% of
the fan system capacity for cooling with outdoor air
automatically whenever its use will result in lower usage of new
energy. Activation of economizer cycle shall be controlled by
sensing outdoor air enthalpy or outdoor air dry-bulb temperature
alone or alternate means approved by the building official.
((
EXCEPTIONS:))((
Cooling with outdoor air is not required under any one or more of the following conditions:))
((
))((
1. The fan system capacity is less than 3,500 cfm or total cooling capacity is less than 90,000 Btu/h.))
((
))((
2. The quality of the outdoor air is so poor as to require extensive treatment of the air and approval by the
building official.))
((
))((
3. The need for humidification or dehumidification requires the use of more energy than is conserved by the
outdoor air cooling on an annual basis.))
((
))((
4. The use of outdoor air cooling may affect the operation of other systems so as to increase the overall energy
consumption of the building.))
((
))((
5. When energy recovered from an internal/external zone heat recovery system exceeds the energy conserved by
outdoor air cooling on an annual basis.))
((
))((
6. When all space cooling is accomplished by a circulating liquid which transfers space heat directly or
indirectly to a heat rejection device such as a cooling tower without use of a refrigeration system.))
((
))((
7. When the use of 100% outside air will cause coil frosting, controls may be added to reduce the quantity of
outside air. However, the intent of this exception is to use 100% air in lieu of mechanical cooling when less
energy usage will result and this exception applies only to direct expansion systems when the compressor is
running.))
Systems and equipment that provide mechanical cooling shall
comply with Section 1413 and, as appropriate, Section 1423 or
1433.
503.8 Controls:
503.8.1 Temperature Control: Each system shall be provided
with at least one adjustable thermostat for the regulation of
temperature. Each thermostat shall be capable of being set by
adjustment or selection of sensors as follows:
503.8.1.1: When used to control heating only: Fifty-five
degrees to seventy-five degrees F.
503.8.1.2: When used to control cooling only: Seventy
degrees to eighty-five degrees F.
503.8.1.3: When used to control both heating and cooling,
it shall be capable of being set from fifty-five degrees to
eighty-five degrees F and shall be capable of operating the
system heating and cooling in sequence. The thermostat and/or
control system shall have an adjustable deadband of not less than
ten degrees F.
503.8.2 Humidity Control: If a system is equipped with a
means for adding moisture to maintain specific selected relative
humidities in space or zones, a humidistat shall be provided. Humidistats shall be capable of being set to prevent new energy
from being used to produce space-relative humidity above thirty
percent.
EXCEPTION:
Special uses requiring different relative humidities may be permitted when approved by the building official.
503.8.3 Zoning for Temperature Control:
503.8.3.1 One- and Two-Family Dwellings: At least one
thermostat for regulation of space temperature shall be provided
for each separate system. In addition, a readily accessible
manual or automatic means shall be provided to partially restrict
or shut off the heating and/or cooling input to each zone or
floor.
503.8.3.2 Multifamily Dwellings: For multifamily dwellings,
each individual dwelling unit shall have at least one thermostat
for regulation of space temperature. A readily accessible manual
or automatic means shall be provided to partially restrict or
shut off the heating and/or cooling input to each room. Spaces
other than living units shall meet the requirements of 503.8.3.3.
503.8.3.3 Reserved.
503.8.3.4 Control Setback and Shut-off:
Residential Occupancy Groups. One- and Two-Family and
Multifamily dwellings -- The thermostat required in section
503.8.3.1 or section 503.8.3.2, or an alternate means such as a
switch or clock, shall provide a readily accessible, manual or
automatic means for reducing the energy required for heating and
cooling during the periods of non-use or reduced need, such as,
but not limited to unoccupied periods and sleeping hours. Lowering thermostat set points to reduce energy consumption of
heating systems shall not cause energy to be expended to reach
the reduced setting.
503.8.3.5 Heat Pump Controls: Programmable thermostats are
required for all heat pump systems. The cut-on temperature for
the compression heating shall be higher than the cut-on
temperature for the supplementary heat, and the cut-off
temperature for the compression heating shall be higher than the
cut-off temperature for the supplementary heat. Heat pump
thermostats will be capable of providing at least two
programmable setback periods per day. The automatic setback
thermostat shall have the capability of limiting the use of
supplemental heat during the warm-up period.
503.9 Air Handling Duct System Insulation: Ducts, plenums
and enclosures installed in or on buildings shall be thermally
insulated per Table 5-11.
EXCEPTIONS:
Duct insulation (except where required to prevent condensation) is not required in any of the following cases:
1. When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the energy requirements of the
building.
2. Within the HVAC equipment.
3. Exhaust air ducts.
4. Supply or return air ducts installed in unvented crawl spaces with insulated walls, basements, or cellars in
one-and two-family dwellings.
503.10 Duct Construction: All duct work shall be
constructed in accordance with Standards RS-15, RS-16, RS-17,
RS-18, RS-19 or RS-20, as applicable, and the Uniform Mechanical
Code.
503.10.1 Leakage Testing: High-pressure and medium-pressure
ducts shall be leak tested in accordance with the applicable
standards in Chapter 7 of this Code with the rate of air leakage
not to exceed the maximum rate specified in that standard.
503.10.2 Seams and Joints: ((When low-pressure supply air
ducts are located outside of the conditioned space, all HVAC
ductwork seams and joints, both longitudinal and transverse,
shall be taped and sealed with products approved by the building
official only. Ductwork joints shall be mechanically fastened
with a minimum of three fasteners per joint for a cylindrical
duct. Use Table 5-11 for duct insulation requirements.)) All
low-pressure supply and return, including enclosed stud bays or
joist cavities/space used to transport air, shall be securely
fastened and sealed with welds, gaskets, mastics (adhesives),
mastic-plus-embedded-fabric systems or tapes installed in
accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions.
Tapes and mastics used with rigid fibrous glass ducts shall be
listed and labeled in accordance with UL 181A. Tapes and mastics
used with flexible air ducts shall be listed and labeled in
accordance with UL 181B. Duct tape is not permitted as a sealant
on any ducts.
| EXCEPTION: | Ducts or building cavities used for air distribution that are located entirely within the conditioned space of the building are exempt from this section. |
503.10.4 Duct Insulation: Ducts shall meet the insulation
requirements specified in Table 5-11.
503.11 ((Piping)) Pipe Insulation: All piping ((installed
to serve buildings (and within))) shall be thermally insulated in
accordance with Table 5-12. ((For service hot water systems see
section 504.7. If water pipes are outside of conditioned space
then the pipe insulation requirement shall be R-3 minimum for
nonrecirculating hot and cold water pipes. For recirculating
service hot and cold water pipes use Table 5-12 for pipe sizes
and temperatures.))
EXCEPTION:
Piping ((
insulation is not required)) installed within unitary HVAC equipment.
Cold water pipes outside the conditioned space shall be insulated
in accordance with the Washington State Plumbing Code (chapter 51-46 WAC).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045, and 19.27.020. 98-24-075, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/1/98, effective 7/1/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0503, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0503, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
504.1 Scope: The purpose of this section is to provide
criteria for design and equipment selection that will produce
energy savings when applied to service water heating.
504.2 Water Heaters, Storage Tanks and Boilers:
504.2.1 Performance Efficiency: All Storage water heaters
shall meet the requirements of the 1987 National Appliance Energy
Conservation Act and be so labeled. All electric water heaters
in unheated spaces or on concrete floors shall be placed on an
incompressible, insulated surface with a minimum thermal
resistance of R-10.
For combination space and service water heaters with a
principal function of providing space heat, the Combined Annual
Efficiency (CAE) may be calculated by using ASHRAE Standard
124-1991. Storage water heaters used in combination space heat
and water heat applications shall have either an Energy Factor
(EF) or a Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) of not less than the
following:
| Energy Factor (EF) | Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) | |
| <50 gallon storage | 0.58 | 0.71 |
| 50 to 70 gallon storage | 0.57 | 0.71 |
| >70 gallon storage | 0.55 | 0.70 |
504.2.3 Combination Service Water Heating/Space Heating
Boilers: Service water heating equipment shall not be dependent
on year round operation of space heating boilers.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Systems with service/space heating boilers having a standby loss Btu/h less than: | ||
| (13.3 pmd+ 400)/n | |||
| determined by the fixture count method where: | |||
| pmd = probably maximum demand in gallons/hour as determined in accordance with Chapter 37 of Standard RS-11. |
|||
| n = fraction of year when outdoor daily mean temperature exceeds 64.9° F. |
|||
| The standby loss is to be determined for a test period of twenty-four-hour duration while maintaining a boiler water temperature of ninety degrees F above an ambient of sixty degrees F and a five foot stack on appliance. | |||
| 2. For systems where the use of a single heating unit will lead to energy savings, such unit shall be utilized. | |||
504.4 Shutdown: A separate switch shall be provided to
permit turning off the energy supplied to electric service water
heating systems. A separate valve shall be provided to permit
turning off the energy supplied to the main burner(s) of all
other types of service water heater systems.
504.5 Swimming Pools:
504.5.1: All pool heaters shall be equipped with readily
accessible ON/OFF switch to allow shutting off the operation of
the heater without adjusting the thermostat setting. Controls
shall be provided to allow the water temperature to be regulated
from the maximum design temperature down to sixty-five degrees F.
504.5.2 Pool Covers: Heated swimming pools shall be
equipped with a pool cover, approved by the building official.
504.6 Pump Operation: Circulating hot water systems shall
be controlled so that the circulation pump(s) can be conveniently
turned off, automatically or manually, when the hot water system
is not in operation.
504.7 Pipe Insulation: ((For recirculating and
non-recirculating systems,)) Piping shall be thermally insulated
in accordance with section 503.11 ((and Table 5-12)).
504.8 Conservation of Hot Water:
504.8.1 Showers and Lavatories: Showers and lavatories used
for other than safety reasons shall be equipped with flow control
devices or specially manufactured showerheads or aerators to
limit the total water flow rate as set forth in chapter 51-26 WAC, as measured with both hot and cold faucets turned on to
their maximum flow.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0504, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0504, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0504, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
505.1 Lighting Controls: Hotel and motel guest rooms and
guest suites shall have a master control device at the main room
entry that controls all permanently installed luminaires and
switched receptacles.
505.2 Lighting Power: Lighting shall comply with the
Prescriptive Lighting Option in Section 1520 or the Lighting
Power Allowance Option in Section 1530.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Group R-3 occupancy and the dwelling unit portions of Group R-1 occupancy. |
| 2. Lighting exempted by Section 1512. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0505, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0505, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0505, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
TABLE 5-1
TARGET COMPONENT VALUES FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY
| Electric Resistance | Other Fuels | |||
| Climate Zone | Climate Zone | |||
| Component | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Glazing % Floor Area | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% |
| Vertical Glazing U-Factor | U = 0.400 | U = 0.400 | U = 0.650 | U = 0.600 |
| Overhead Glazing U-Factor | U = 0. 58 | U = 0. 58 | U = 0. 68 | U = 0.64 |
| Doors | U = 0.200 (R-5) |
U = 0.200 (R-5) |
U = 0.400 (R-2.5) |
U = 0.400 (R-2.5) |
| Ceilings Attic Single Rafter/ Joist Vaulted |
U = 0.031 (R-38) U = 0.034 (R-30) |
U = 0.031 (R-38) U = 0.034 (R-30) |
U = 0.036 (R-30) U = 0.034 (R-30) |
U = 0.031 (R-38) U = 0.034 (R-30) |
| Walls | U = 0.058 (R-19A) |
U = 0.044 (R-19+5A) |
U = 0.0621 (R-19) |
U = 0.0621 (R-19(( |
| Floors | U = 0.029 (R-30) |
U = 0.029 (R-30) |
U = 0.041 (R-19) |
U = 0.029 (R-30) |
| Slab on Grade Slab R-Value |
F = 0.54 (R-10) |
F = 0.54 (R-10) |
F = | |